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The
general term for Crystal-Technica igniters is Silicon Nitride Hot
Surface Igniters, but this product is not composed exclusively of
Silicon Nitride. The other material used is Molybdenum Disilicide
(MoSi2), a refractory metal silicide. Si3N4 is used in this product
for its insulative properties. A circuit of MoSi2 is used to provide
the 'heating zone'. In cross section, this shows as a slightly darker
line forming a circuit encapsulated by Si3N4.
Molybdenum
Disilicide was discovered in 1907 and was initially considered a
high temperature corrosion-protective coating material for ductile
metals. The first commercial heating-elements were patented by Kanthal,
a Swedish company who have specialized in electrical heating since
the 1930s, in 1953. It was selected by the Le Mark Chinese team
after exhaustive testing of potential materials.
With
a melting point of 2230C, it withstands the high temperatures generated
during the ignition process. MoSi2 also withstands oxidation in
air, oxygen and oxygen-rich atmospheres and does not show increasing
electrical resistivity with use. Its thermal conductivity is very
close to that of Si3N4, and their toughness levels are in the same
range. The fracture toughness behaviour in both MoSi2 and silicon-based
ceramics is similar. They both fracture in a brittle manner resulting
in low toughness. However, in a Crystal-Technica igniter, the Si3N4
gives toughness to the entire structure. The finished product is
very stable, as the two properties of the two materials complement
each other well. The properties of Mosi2 are:
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Moderate
density |
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High
melting point |
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Excellent
oxidation resistance |
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Modulus
at elevated temperatures |
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Melting
Point: 2230C |
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Density:
6.31 g.cm-3 |
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Young's
Modulus: 430 GPa |
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Bend
Strength: 250 MPa |
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Fracture
Toughness K1C: 3 MPa.m0.5 |
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Hardness:
9 GPa |
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Resistivity
(room temp): 3.5 x10-7 ohm.cm |
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Resistivity
(1700C): 4.0 x10-6 ohm.cm |
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Mo
%: 59.9 |
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Si
%: 40.1 |
It
has in the past not been used as a structural ceramic as by itself
it exhibits low toughness at temperatures below 1000C. It also exhibits
poor creep resistance above 1200C. The advanced production techniques
used to fabricate the Crystal-Technica Hot Surface Igniter have
overcome these difficulties, by combining the MoSi2 with Si3N4 to
produce a product that exhibits extreme toughness at all operating
temperatures.
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